The Cyber Observable Expression (CybOX™) is a standardized language for encoding and communicating high-fidelity information about cyber observables, whether dynamic events or stateful measures that are observable in the operational cyber domain. By specifying a common structured schematic mechanism for these cyber observables, the intent is to enable the potential for detailed automatable sharing, mapping, detection and analysis heuristics. This document describes the use of UML to create a data model for CybOX.

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This document was last revised or approved by the OASIS Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) TC on the above date. The level of approval is also listed above. Check the “Latest version” location noted above for possible later revisions of this document. Any other numbered Versions and other technical work produced by the Technical Committee (TC) are listed at https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=cti#technical.

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Citation format:

When referencing this specification the following citation format should be used:

[CybOX-v2.1.1-uml-model]

CybOX™ Version 2.1.1. Part 06: UML Model. Edited by Desiree Beck, Trey Darley, Ivan Kirillov, and Rich Piazza. 20 June 2016. OASIS Committee Specification Draft 01 / Public Review Draft 01. http://docs.oasis-open.org/cti/cybox/v2.1.1/csprd01/part06-uml-model/cybox-v2.1.1-csprd01-part06-uml-model.html. Latest version: http://docs.oasis-open.org/cti/cybox/v2.1.1/part06-uml-model/cybox-v2.1.1-part06-uml-model.html.

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STIX™, TAXII™, AND CybOX™ (STANDARD OR STANDARDS) AND THEIR COMPONENT PARTS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED, IMPLIED, OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY WARRANTY THAT THESE STANDARDS OR ANY OF THEIR COMPONENT PARTS WILL CONFORM TO SPECIFICATIONS, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR FREEDOM FROM INFRINGEMENT, ANY WARRANTY THAT THE STANDARDS OR THEIR COMPONENT PARTS WILL BE ERROR FREE, OR ANY WARRANTY THAT THE DOCUMENTATION, IF PROVIDED, WILL CONFORM TO THE STANDARDS OR THEIR COMPONENT PARTS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT OR ITS CONTRACTORS OR SUBCONTRACTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, ARISING OUT OF, RESULTING FROM, OR IN ANY WAY CONNECTED WITH THESE STANDARDS OR THEIR COMPONENT PARTS OR ANY PROVIDED DOCUMENTATION, WHETHER OR NOT BASED UPON WARRANTY, CONTRACT, TORT, OR OTHERWISE, WHETHER OR NOT INJURY WAS SUSTAINED BY PERSONS OR PROPERTY OR OTHERWISE, AND WHETHER OR NOT LOSS WAS SUSTAINED FROM, OR AROSE OUT OF THE RESULTS OF, OR USE OF, THE STANDARDS, THEIR COMPONENT PARTS, AND ANY PROVIDED DOCUMENTATION. THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES AND LIABILITIES REGARDING THE STANDARDS OR THEIR COMPONENT PARTS ATTRIBUTABLE TO ANY THIRD PARTY, IF PRESENT IN THE STANDARDS OR THEIR COMPONENT PARTS AND DISTRIBUTES IT OR THEM “AS IS.”

Table of Contents

1 Introduction. 6

1.1 CybOX™ Specification Documents. 6

1.2 Document Conventions. 6

1.2.1 Fonts. 6

1.3 Terminology. 7

1.4 Normative References. 7

1.5 Non-Normative References. 7

2 UML Model Artifact 8

3 Data Model Conventions. 9

3.1 UML Packages. 9

3.2 Naming Conventions. 10

3.3 UML Stereotypes. 10

3.4 UML Diagrams. 10

3.4.1 Class Properties. 11

3.4.2 Diagram Icons and Arrow Types. 11

4 Conformance. 13

Appendix A. Acknowledgments. 14

Appendix B. Revision History. 18

1 Introduction

[All text is normative unless otherwise labeled.]

The Cyber Observable Expression (CybOX^TM) Language provides a common structure for representing cyber observables across and among the operational areas of enterprise cyber security. CybOX improves the consistency, efficiency, and interoperability of deployed tools and processes, and it increases overall situational awareness by enabling the potential for detailed automatable sharing, mapping, detection, and analysis heuristics.

This specification document provides brief summary information on the form and use of the CybOX Language UML model. In addition to this textual specification document, CybOX Version 2.2.1 Part 6: UML Model consists of an actual digital serialization of the UML model and a set of relevant UML diagrams extracted from the UML model and used throughout the CybOX Language specification.

In Section 1.1 we discuss the additional specification documents, in Section 1.2 we provide document conventions, and in Section 0 we provide terminology. References are given in Sections 1.4 and 1.5. In Section 2, we give summary information on the form of the digitally serialized UML model artifact, and in Section 3 we provide general information and conventions for how the UML model is used to define the individual data models. Conformance information is provided in Section 4.

1.1 CybOX™ Specification Documents

The CybOX specification consists of a formal UML model and a set of textual specification documents that explain the UML model. Specification documents have been written for each of the individual data models that compose the full CybOX UML model.

CybOX has a modular design comprising two fundamental data models and a collection of Object data models. The fundamental data models – CybOX Core and CybOX Common – provide essential CybOX structure and functionality. The CybOX Objects, defined in individual data models, are precise characterizations of particular types of observable cyber entities (e.g., HTTP session, Windows registry key, DNS query).

Use of the CybOX Core and Common data models is required; however, use of the CybOX Object data models is purely optional: users select and use only those Objects and corresponding data models that are needed. Importing the entire CybOX suite of data models is not necessary.

The CybOX Version 2.1.1 Part 1: Overview document provides a comprehensive overview of the full set of CybOX data models, which in addition to the Core, Common, and the eighty-eight Object data models, includes a set of default controlled vocabularies. CybOX Version 2.1.1 Part 1: Overview also summarizes the relationship of CybOX to other externally defined data models, and outlines general CybOX data model conventions.

1.2 Document Conventions

The following conventions are used in this document.

1.2.1 Fonts

The following font and font style conventions are used in the document:

· Capitalization is used for CybOX high level concepts, which are defined in CybOX Version 2.1.1 Part 1: Overview.

Examples: Action, Object, Event, Property

· The Courier New font is used for writing UML objects.

Examples: ActionType, cyboxCommon:BaseObjectPropertyType

Note that all high level concepts have a corresponding UML object. For example, the Action high level concept is associated with a UML class named, ActionType.

· The ‘italic’ font (with single quotes) is used for noting actual, explicit values for CybOX Language properties. The italic font (without quotes) is used for noting example values.

Example: ‘HashNameVocab-1.0,’ high, medium, low

1.3 Terminology

The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

1.4 Normative References

[RFC2119] Bradner, S., “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels”, BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt.

1.5 Non-Normative References

[GitHub-IO] CybOX – Cyber Observable eXpression | CybOX Project Documentation. (n.d.). The MITRE Corporation. [Online]. Available: http://cyboxproject.github.io/. Accessed Dec 15, 2015.

[UML-2.4.1] Documents associated with Unified Modeling Language (UML), V2.4.1. (Aug. 2011). The Object Management Group (OMG). [Online]. Available: http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.4.1/.

[XMI] Documents associated with XMI Version 2.1. (September 2005). The Object Management Group (OMG). [Online]. Available: http://www.omg.org/spec/XMI/2.1/.

[PNG] Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Specification (November 2003). The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). [Online]. Available: http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/.

2 UML Model Artifact

The CybOX UML model is formally represented in the form of a digital serialization using the XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) language. The XMI language is intended to be an open standardized form supporting the expression of UML models in a non-proprietary manner. In reality, many UML modeling tools tend to include some proprietary elements in their XMI output. The CybOX UML model was produced using Rational Software Architect (RSA) version 9.1, a product of the IBM Corporation. Effort has been made to minimize the level of proprietary content (from the RSA tool) in the XMI serialization, but it should be noted that some portion may still remain.

For the broadest possible interoperability between UML tools the model is provided as an XMI serialization using UML2.2/XMI2.1 [XMI] containing only the model and not the diagrams. A set of relevant UML diagrams, extracted from the UML model and leveraged throughout the CybOX Language specification documents, is also provided in a rastered (portable network graphics [PNG]) form.

In addition, for those with tools that can import the more complete RSA tool native .EMX format, the model with embedded diagrams is also provided in this form.

3 Data Model Conventions

The following general information and conventions are used to define the individual data models in UML.

3.1 UML Packages

Each CybOX data model is captured in a different UML package (e.g., Core package, FileObj package, etc.). To refer to a particular class of a specific package, we use the format package_prefix:class, where package_prefix corresponds to the appropriate UML package. Table 3‑1 lists some of the key packages used throughout the CybOX data model specification documents, along with the prefix notation and an example. Each of the eighty-eight CybOX Objects are defined within their own UML package, to support modularity. They are too numerous to mentioned here, but are described in each of the separate specifications documents, parts 7 through 94.

Table 3‑1. Package prefixes used by the CybOX Language

Package	CybOX Core
Prefix	cybox
Description	The CybOX Core data model defines the main classes of the CybOX data model, such as ActionType, EventType, ObservableType, and ObjectType.
Example	cybox:ObservableType

Package	CybOX Common
Prefix	cyboxCommon
Description	The CybOX Common data model defines classes that are shared across the various CybOX data models.
Example	cyboxCommon:ConfidenceType

Package	CybOX Default Vocabularies
Prefix	cyboxVocabs
Description	The CybOX default vocabularies define the classes for default controlled vocabularies used within CybOX.
Example	cyboxVocabs:ActionTypeVocab

Package	CybOX Basic Data Types
Prefix	basicDataTypes
Description	The CybOX Basic Data Types data model defines the types used within CybOX.
Example	basicDataTypes:URI

3.2 Naming Conventions

The UML classes, enumerations, and properties defined in CybOX follow the particular naming conventions outlined in Table 3‑2.

Table 3‑2. Naming formats of different object types

Object Type	Format	Example
Class	CamelCase ending with “Type”	ActionType
Property (simple)	Lowercase with underscores between words	scale
Property (complex)	Capitalized with underscores between words	Discovery_Method
Enumeration	CamelCase ending with “Enum” or “Type	DateTimePrecisionEnum; EffectTypeEnum
Enumeration value	varies	Flash drive; Public Disclosure; Externally-Located
Data type	CamelCase, or if the words are acronyms, all capitalized with underscores between words	PositiveInteger; URI

3.3 UML Stereotypes

Certain UML classes are associated with the UML stereotype <<choice>>. The <<choice>> stereotype specifies that only one of the available properties of the class can be populated at any time. The CybOX UML models utilize Has_Choice as the role/property name for associations to <<choice>> stereotyped classes. This property is a modeling convention rather than a native element of the underlying data model and acts as a placeholder for one of the available properties of the <<choice>> stereotyped class.

NOTE: Importing the UML models into a tool other than Rational Software Architect (RSA) version 9.1 (using the files with the uml file extensions) might not apply the stereotype correctly. If not, the classes that contain the word “Choice” are the ones that the stereotype should have been applied to.

3.4 UML Diagrams

This document indicates how UML diagrams are used to visually depict relationships between CybOX Language constructs in the rest of the specification. Note that the example diagrams have been extracted directly from the full UML model for CybOX; they have not been constructed purely for inclusion in this or the other specification documents. Typically, diagrams are included where the visualization of their relationships between classes is useful for illustration purposes. This implies that there will be very few diagrams for classes whose only properties are either a data type or a class from the CybOX Common data model. All component data models include a top-level diagram (see Figure 3‑1).

Figure 3‑1. Top-level package diagram (ObjectType data model)

In UML diagrams, classes are often presented with their attributes elided, to avoid clutter. The fully described class can usually be found in a related diagram. A class presented with an empty section at the bottom of the icon indicates that there are no attributes other than those that are visualized using associations (see Figure 3‑2).

Figure 3‑2. Different presentations of class attributes

3.4.1 Class Properties

Generally, a class property can be shown in a UML diagram as either an attribute or an association (i.e., the distinction between attributes and associations is somewhat subjective). In order to make the size of UML diagrams in the specifications manageable, we have chosen to capture most properties as attributes and to capture only higher level properties as associations, especially in the main top-level component diagrams. In particular, we will always capture properties of UML data types as attributes. For example, properties of a class that are identifiers, titles, and timestamps will be represented as attributes.

3.4.2 Diagram Icons and Arrow Types

Diagram icons are used in a UML diagram to indicate whether a shape is a class, enumeration, or data type, and decorative icons are used to indicate whether an element is an attribute of a class or an enumeration literal. In addition, two different arrow styles indicate either a directed association relationship (regular arrowhead) or a generalization relationship (triangle-shaped arrowhead). The icons and arrow styles we use are shown and described in Table 3‑3.

Table 3‑3. UML diagram icons

Icon	Description
	This diagram icon indicates a class. If the name is in italics, it is an abstract class.
	This diagram icon indicates an enumeration.
	This diagram icon indicates a data type.
	This decorator icon indicates an attribute of a class. The green circle means its visibility is public. If the circle is red or yellow, it means its visibility is private or protected.
	This decorator icon indicates an enumeration literal.
	This arrow type indicates a directed association relationship.
	This arrow type indicates a generalization relationship.

4 Conformance

Implementations have discretion over which parts (components, properties, extensions, controlled vocabularies, etc.) of CybOX they implement (e.g., Observable/Object).

[1] Conformant implementations must conform to all normative structural specifications of the UML model or additional normative statements within this document that apply to the portions of CybOX they implement (e.g., implementers of the entire Observable class must conform to all normative structural specifications of the UML model regarding the Observable class and to additional normative statements contained in the document that describes the Observable class).

[2] Conformant implementations are free to ignore normative structural specifications of the UML model or additional normative statements within this document that do not apply to the portions of CybOX they implement (e.g., non-implementers of any particular properties of the Observable class are free to ignore all normative structural specifications of the UML model regarding those properties of the Observable class and any additional normative statements contained in the document that describes the Observable class).

The conformance section of this document is intentionally broad and attempts to reiterate what already exists in this document.

Appendix A. Acknowledgments

The individuals listed below have participated in the creation of this specification and are gratefully acknowledged.

Aetna

David Crawford

AIT Austrian Institute of Technology

Roman Fiedler

Florian Skopik

Australia and New Zealand Banking Group (ANZ Bank)

Dean Thompson

Blue Coat Systems, Inc.

Owen Johnson

Bret Jordan

Century Link

Cory Kennedy

CIRCL

Alexandre Dulaunoy

Andras Iklody

Raphaël Vinot

Citrix Systems

Joey Peloquin

Dell

Will Urbanski

Jeff Williams

DTCC

Dan Brown

Gordon Hundley

Chris Koutras

EMC

Robert Griffin

Jeff Odom

Ravi Sharda

Financial Services Information Sharing and Analysis Center (FS-ISAC)

David Eilken

Chris Ricard

Fortinet Inc.

Gavin Chow

Kenichi Terashita

Fujitsu Limited

Neil Edwards

Frederick Hirsch

Ryusuke Masuoka

Daisuke Murabayashi

Google Inc.

Mark Risher

Hitachi, Ltd.

Kazuo Noguchi

Akihito Sawada

Masato Terada

iboss, Inc.

Paul Martini

Individual

Jerome Athias

Peter Brown

Elysa Jones

Sanjiv Kalkar

Bar Lockwood

Terry MacDonald

Alex Pinto

Intel Corporation

Tim Casey

Kent Landfield

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.

Terrence Driscoll

David Laurance

LookingGlass

Allan Thomson

Lee Vorthman

Mitre Corporation

Greg Back

Jonathan Baker

Sean Barnum

Desiree Beck

Nicole Gong

Jasen Jacobsen

Ivan Kirillov

Richard Piazza

Jon Salwen

Charles Schmidt

Emmanuelle Vargas-Gonzalez

John Wunder

National Council of ISACs (NCI)

Scott Algeier

Denise Anderson

Josh Poster

NEC Corporation

Takahiro Kakumaru

North American Energy Standards Board

David Darnell

Object Management Group

Cory Casanave

Palo Alto Networks

Vishaal Hariprasad

Queralt, Inc.

John Tolbert

Resilient Systems, Inc.

Ted Julian

Securonix

Igor Baikalov

Siemens AG

Bernd Grobauer

Soltra

John Anderson

Aishwarya Asok Kumar

Peter Ayasse

Jeff Beekman

Michael Butt

Cynthia Camacho

Aharon Chernin

Mark Clancy

Brady Cotton

Trey Darley

Mark Davidson

Paul Dion

Daniel Dye

Robert Hutto

Raymond Keckler

Ali Khan

Chris Kiehl

Clayton Long

Michael Pepin

Natalie Suarez

David Waters

Benjamin Yates

Symantec Corp.

Curtis Kostrosky

The Boeing Company

Crystal Hayes

ThreatQuotient, Inc.

Ryan Trost

U.S. Bank

Mark Angel

Brad Butts

Brian Fay

Mona Magathan

Yevgen Sautin

US Department of Defense (DoD)

James Bohling

Eoghan Casey

Gary Katz

Jeffrey Mates

VeriSign

Robert Coderre

Kyle Maxwell

Eric Osterweil

Airbus Group SAS

Joerg Eschweiler

Marcos Orallo

Anomali

Ryan Clough

Wei Huang

Hugh Njemanze

Katie Pelusi

Aaron Shelmire

Jason Trost

Bank of America

Alexander Foley

Center for Internet Security (CIS)

Sarah Kelley

Check Point Software Technologies

Ron Davidson

Cisco Systems

Syam Appala

Ted Bedwell

David McGrew

Pavan Reddy

Omar Santos

Jyoti Verma

Cyber Threat Intelligence Network, Inc. (CTIN)

Doug DePeppe

Jane Ginn

Ben Othman

DHS Office of Cybersecurity and Communications (CS&C)

Richard Struse

Marlon Taylor

EclecticIQ

Marko Dragoljevic

Joep Gommers

Sergey Polzunov

Rutger Prins

Andrei Sîrghi

Raymon van der Velde

eSentire, Inc.

Jacob Gajek

FireEye, Inc.

Phillip Boles

Pavan Gorakav

Anuj Kumar

Shyamal Pandya

Paul Patrick

Scott Shreve

Fox-IT

Sarah Brown

Georgetown University

Eric Burger

Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE)

Tomas Sander

IBM

Peter Allor

Eldan Ben-Haim

Sandra Hernandez

Jason Keirstead

John Morris

Laura Rusu

Ron Williams

IID

Chris Richardson

Integrated Networking Technologies, Inc.

Patrick Maroney

Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory

Karin Marr

Julie Modlin

Mark Moss

Pamela Smith

Kaiser Permanente

Russell Culpepper

Beth Pumo

Lumeta Corporation

Brandon Hoffman

MTG Management Consultants, LLC.

James Cabral

National Security Agency

Mike Boyle

Jessica Fitzgerald-McKay

New Context Services, Inc.

John-Mark Gurney

Christian Hunt

James Moler

Daniel Riedel

Andrew Storms

OASIS

James Bryce Clark

Robin Cover

Chet Ensign

Open Identity Exchange

Don Thibeau

PhishMe Inc.

Josh Larkins

Raytheon Company-SAS

Daniel Wyschogrod

Retail Cyber Intelligence Sharing Center (R-CISC)

Brian Engle

Semper Fortis Solutions

Joseph Brand

Splunk Inc.

Cedric LeRoux

Brian Luger

Kathy Wang

TELUS

Greg Reaume

Alan Steer

Threat Intelligence Pty Ltd

Tyron Miller

Andrew van der Stock

ThreatConnect, Inc.

Wade Baker

Cole Iliff

Andrew Pendergast

Ben Schmoker

Jason Spies

TruSTAR Technology

Chris Roblee

United Kingdom Cabinet Office

Iain Brown

Adam Cooper

Mike McLellan

Chris O’Brien

James Penman

Howard Staple

Chris Taylor

Laurie Thomson

Alastair Treharne

Julian White

Bethany Yates

US Department of Homeland Security

Evette Maynard-Noel

Justin Stekervetz

ViaSat, Inc.

Lee Chieffalo

Wilson Figueroa

Andrew May

Yaana Technologies, LLC

Anthony Rutkowski

The authors would also like to thank the larger CybOX Community for its input and help in reviewing this document.

Appendix B. Revision History

Revision	Date	Editor	Changes Made
wd01	15 December 2015	Desiree Beck Trey Darley Ivan Kirillov Rich Piazza	Initial transfer to OASIS template